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تعداد صفحات:22

فصل دوم پایان نامه کارشناسی ارشد (پیشینه و مبانی نظری پژوهش)
همراه با منبع نویسی درون متنی به شیوه APA جهت استفاده فصل دو پایان نامه
توضیحات نظری کامل در مورد متغیر پیشینه داخلی و خارجی در مورد متغیر مربوطه و متغیرهای مشابه
رفرنس نویسی و پاورقی دقیق و مناسب
منبع : انگلیسی وفارسی دارد (به شیوه APA)
نوع فایل: ورد و قابل ویرایش با فرمت .docx

تعاریف مربوط به نیاز

نیاز هر گونه حالت در درون فرد است که برای زندگی، رشد و سلامت واجب و ضروری است. در صورتی که نیازها رسیدگی شده و ارضا شوند، سلامتی حفظ می شود و بهبود می یابد. اگر نیازها نادیده گرفته شوند، لطمه ای ایجاد خواهد شد که سلامت جسمی یا روانی را مختل می کند. بنابراین، قبل از اینکه به سلامت روانی یا جسمانی لطمه وارد شود، حالت های انگیزشی، نیروی محرکی را برای عمل کردن به وجود می آورند. لطمه می تواند به بدن وارد شود، که در این صورت انگیزه ها از نیازهای فیزیولوژیکی ناشی می شوند تا از صدمه دیدن بافت جلوگیری کنند و منابع بدن (مانند تشنگی، گرسنگی و میل جنسی) را حفظ کنند. لطمه می تواند به خود وارد شود که در این صورت، انگیزه ها از نیازهای روانی به وجود می آیند و رشد فرد را به سمت سازگاری هدایت می کنند (مثل خودمختاری، شایستگی و ارتباط) لطمه می تواند به رابطه فرد با دنیای اجتماعی نیز وارد شود که در این صورت، انگیزه ها از انبارهای اجتماعی برای محافظت از هویت، اعتقادات، ارزش ها و روابط میان فردی ناشی می ( مثل پیشرفت، پیوندجوی، صمیمیت و قدرت). نیازهای فیزیولوژیکی، روانشناختی و اجتماعی، نام انگیزه های را به وجود می آورند که به زندگی، رشد و سلامت فرد خدمت می کنند (ريو، ترجمه سیدمحمدی، 1391).

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